Literature review of normal expression
99 proteins reviewed on 2026-11-11; 9 are Unsafe on published evidence. Scope: Every protein that would be a Target candidate while its rare-cell signal is dismissed, or after release from the pooled 1% detection flag.
Rubric
| Rule | Requirement |
|---|---|
| R1 | A primary source reports the human gene in a panel organ by a gene-specific assay, and donor-level single-cell data detect it in that organ in at least 1% of one donor population. The rare-cell grade becomes established. |
| R2 | A primary source reports the human gene, RNA or protein, by a gene-specific assay in normal adult tissue that the hazard registry tiers Vital or Protected, and no gene-specific multi-tissue panel or reliable IHC contradicts it. Unsafe. |
| R3 | Human loss of function causes disease of a Vital tissue, and the ortholog is expressed in that adult tissue. Unsafe. |
| none | No publication, restriction to germline, placenta or embryo, conflicting reports, assays shared with paralogs, cultured or diseased samples, other species alone, or database annotation alone. Recorded; no category effect. |
Limits
Web literature search by Claude subagents on 2026-11-10, and on 2026-11-11 for the 21 proteins whose signal the whole-body panel dismissed, and for the 3 proteins released when two lone donors in different cell types stopped counting as replication; each claim carries the URL opened and the quote returned.
- Many pages were read through a fetch tool that summarizes, so quotes are as that tool relayed them.
- Several papers were read at abstract level because full text was blocked; each evidence item says so.
- PubMed was reached through Europe PMC or E-utilities.
- A null result means nothing was found in this search, not that nothing exists.
- HPA and GTEx bulk values are numeric filters elsewhere and were not counted as literature.
Decisions
| Protein | Search verdict | Effect | Reason | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMBN | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R2, small intestine) | Protein and RNA reported in normal adult duodenum and other gut mucosa by gene-specific assays. One pilot report with limited controls. | Reseland JE, Heyward CA, Samara A. Revisiting ameloblastin; ; Same paper, esophagus localization; Tamburstuen MV et al. Ameloblastin expression and putative a |
| BTNL2 | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R2, small intestine) | Gene-specific real-time PCR in healthy adult intestine; a BTNL2-specific antibody study reports digestive tract. | Lebrero-Fernandez et al. 2016, Immun Inflamm Dis 4:191 - Alt; Panea et al. 2021, Commun Biol 4:913 - Butyrophilin-like 2 r; UniProt Q9UIR0 (BTNL2_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment (ci |
| GDF9 | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R2, bone marrow) | Northern blot and RT-PCR report RNA in bone marrow and pituitary. One 1998 report read at abstract level; RNA only. | Fitzpatrick SL et al. Expression of growth differentiation f; Aaltonen J et al. Human GDF-9 and its novel homolog GDF-9B a; UniProt O60383 (GDF9_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment |
| ITIH6 | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R2, kidney) | A gene-specific protein study reports abundant expression in kidney, colon and stomach. Read at abstract level; antibody validation unverified. | Shi et al. 2025, Int J Biol Macromol 331:148360 - Characteri; Human Protein Atlas ITIH6 (summary and tissue pages); UniProt Q6UXX5 (ITIH6_HUMAN) |
| MAGEA12 | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R1, brain) | Sequenced qRT-PCR products in normal brain (Morgan 2013); our donor-level data detect it in brain. A later in situ study found no signal and proposed another peptide, and concedes MAGE-A12 cannot be excluded. | Morgan RA et al. Cancer regression and neurological toxicity; Morgan RA et al. 2013 (PMC3581823) - NanoString; Morgan RA et al. 2013 (PMC3581823) - RNA-seq |
| MYH13 | specialized tissue expression | Unsafe (R2, skeletal muscle) | Isoform-specific qRT-PCR and protein gels place it in human extraocular and laryngeal muscle, which are skeletal muscles. | Expression and identification of 10 sarcomeric MyHC isoforms; Phylogenetic implications of the superfast myosin in extraoc; MYH13, a superfast myosin expressed in extraocular, laryngea |
| OTOG | specialized tissue expression | Unsafe (R3, inner ear) | Human loss of function causes deafness (DFNB18B); the mouse ortholog is produced in the adult inner ear and nowhere else tested. | Cohen-Salmon et al. 1997, PNAS: Otogelin: a glycoprotein spe; Cohen-Salmon et al. 1997 (PubMed abstract); El-Amraoui et al. 2001, Hear Res: Spatiotemporal expression |
| SCGB1D1 | specialized tissue expression | Unsafe (R1, eye) | The protein was purified and sequenced from normal human tears (Lehrer 1998); our donor-level data detect it in acinar cells of the eye. Read at abstract level; the producing cells are inferred from the secretion. | Lehrer RI et al. Lipophilin, a novel heterodimeric protein o; Stoeckelhuber M et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of secre; Zhao C et al. Lipophilins: human peptides homologous to rat |
| SLC25A2 | vital expression supported | Unsafe (R2, liver) | Two primary papers that characterize this isoform separately from SLC25A15 report it in liver, pancreas and kidney. Read at abstract level. | Fiermonte G et al. The mitochondrial ornithine transporter. ; Camacho JA et al. Cloning and characterization of human ORNT; UniProt Q9BXI2 (ORNT2_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment |
| ADAD1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Schumacher et al. 1995, Biol Reprod: Distribution of Tenr, a; Snyder et al. 2020, Sci Rep: ADAD1 and ADAD2, testis-specifi; Human Protein Atlas ADAD1 |
| ADAM18 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | UniProt Q9Y3Q7 (ADAM18_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000168619-ADAM18; Frayne J, Hurd EA, Hall L. Human tMDC III: a sperm protein w |
| ARMH2 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | ARMH2 is a cytosolic component of CatSper crucial for sperm ; Human Protein Atlas gene page ARMH2 |
| ATF7-NPFF | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene record ATF7-NPFF (JSON for ENSG0000; NCBI Gene 114108587 ATF7-NPFF readthrough (esummary); UniProt K7ELQ4 (ATF7-NPFF, unreviewed) |
| C12orf50 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page C12orf50; Wikipedia: C12orf50; UniProt Q8NA57 (ZC3H11D / C12orf50), REST query |
| C7orf33 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas: C7orf33; UniProtKB Q8WU49 (C7orf33) |
| CAGE1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Park S et al. 2003, Identification and characterization of a; Alsheimer M et al. 2005, The cancer/testis antigen CAGE-1 is; UniProt Q8TC20 (CAGE1_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment |
| CDCP2 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Cortical gene expression: prognostic value for seizure outco; Human Protein Atlas CDCP2 gene and tissue pages |
| CHCT1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Dai et al. 2021, Mol Biol Rep: Expression profile analysis o; Human Protein Atlas CHCT1 |
| CIMIP3 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page GUCA1ANB (ENSG00000287363); UniProtKB X6R8D5 (CIMIP3 / GUCA1ANB) |
| CPHXL | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Madissoon E et al. Characterization and target genes of nine; UniProt A0A1W2PPM1 (CPHXL), Developmental stage comment; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000283755-CPHXL |
| CSAG1 | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Lin C et al. Cancer/testis antigen CSAGE is concurrently exp; UniProt Q6PB30 (CSAG1_HUMAN) tissue specificity; Liggins AP et al. A panel of cancer-testis genes exhibiting |
| CTAG2 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Lethe B et al. LAGE-1, a new gene with tumor specificity. In; de Carvalho F et al. Evaluation of LAGE-1 and NY-ESO-1 expre; UniProt O75638 (CTAG2_HUMAN) tissue specificity |
| CXorf58 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Human Protein Atlas gene page CXorf58; Wikipedia: CXorf58 (secondary source; cites Vandenbrouck et ; Functionathon: a manual data mining workflow to generate fun |
| CYP26C1 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Taimi et al. 2004, J Biol Chem 279:77 - A novel human cytoch; UniProt Q6V0L0 (CP26C_HUMAN), Tissue specificity (cites PubM; Xi & Yang 2008, Gene Expr Patterns 8:438 - Expression of RAL |
| DAZL | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Shan Z et al. 1996, A SPGY copy homologous to the mouse gene; Yen PH et al. 1996, The human autosomal gene DAZLA: testis s; Saxena R et al. 1996, The DAZ gene cluster on the human Y ch |
| DCAF8L2 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page DCAF8L2; CRL4-DCAF8L2 E3 ligase promotes ubiquitination and degradati |
| DCST1 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Human Protein Atlas gene page DCST1 (ENSG00000163357); Nair S et al. Global functional profiling of human ubiquitom; Noda T et al. Sperm membrane proteins DCST1 and DCST2 are re |
| DPPA2 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | John T et al. ECSA/DPPA2 is an embryo-cancer antigen that is; [Du J et al. Molecular cloning and characterization analysis; UniProtKB Q7Z7J5 (DPPA2) |
| EFCAB3 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas EFCAB3 gene page |
| ENSG00000249773 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000249773 |
| ENSG00000255835 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Ensembl REST lookup ENSG00000255835; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000255835; UniProt search xref:ensembl-ENSG00000255835 |
| ENSG00000256349 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene record ENSG00000256349 (JSON) |
| ENSG00000256825 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page ENSG00000256825 |
| ENSG00000266202 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page ENSG00000266202 |
| ENSG00000267618 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000267618; Liu, Huse & Kannan 2025, Front Genet 16:1672015 (abstract on |
| ENSG00000279983 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page ENSG00000279983 |
| ENSG00000284779 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Ensembl REST lookup ENSG00000284779; Human Protein Atlas, ENSG00000284779 |
| EXD1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline restriction or did not test adult somatic tissue; the only brain statement is HPA database RNA annotation. Human loss of function causes male infertility (testis, not a vital tissue), so R3 does not fire. | Yang Z et al. PIWI Slicing and EXD1 Drive Biogenesis of Nucl; Olotu O et al. Intermitochondrial cement (IMC) harbors piRNA; Hu K et al. Novel homozygous variants in piRNA pathway facto |
| FAM90A26 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Bosch N et al. Characterization and evolution of the novel g; Zheng C et al. Evaluation of PE5 Entries on the Human Proteo; Human Protein Atlas: FAM90A26 |
| FBXO47 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Simon-Kayser B et al. Molecular cloning and characterization; UniProtKB Q5MNV8 (FBXO47); Human Protein Atlas gene page FBXO47 (ENSG00000204952) |
| FKBP6 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | A novel human gene FKBP6 is deleted in Williams syndrome (Me; Is a genetic defect in Fkbp6 a common cause of azoospermia i; Human Protein Atlas FKBP6 tissue page |
| GAGE10 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Gjerstorff et al. 2006, Br J Cancer: Restriction of GAGE pro; Gjerstorff & Ditzel 2008, Tissue Antigens: An overview of th; Gjerstorff et al. 2013, BMC Cancer: Analysis of GAGE, NY-ESO |
| GFY | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Kaneko-Goto T et al. Goofy coordinates the acuity of olfacto; Same paper, abstract; Human Protein Atlas gene page GFY |
| GSX2 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | De Mori R et al. Agenesis of the putamen and globus pallidus; Lopez-Juarez A et al. Gsx2 controls region-specific activati; Dunwell TL, Holland PWH. Diversity of human and mouse homeob |
| HHLA1 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Intergenic splicing between a HERV-H endogenous retrovirus a; Human Protein Atlas gene page HHLA1; Differential Expression and Co-Variation of HERV-Associated |
| IZUMO2 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Izumo is part of a multiprotein family whose members form la; Human Protein Atlas gene page IZUMO2; Implication of IZUMO2 in the cell-in-cell phenomenon: a pote |
| LRRIQ4 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication on expression in any tissue; only database RNA annotation. No loss-of-function disease. | UniProt A6NIV6 (LRRIQ4_HUMAN); Human Protein Atlas gene record LRRIQ4 (JSON); NCBI Gene 344657 LRRIQ4 (summary) |
| MINDY4B | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas, MINDY4B gene and tissue pages; NCBI Gene 646951 MINDY4B summary |
| NKX2-6 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Human Protein Atlas NKX2-6; Heathcote et al. 2005, Hum Mol Genet: Common arterial trunk ; Ta-Shma et al. 2014, J Med Genet: Conotruncal malformations |
| NLRP8 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Zhang P et al. Expression analysis of the NLRP gene family s; Ponsuksili S et al. Bovine NALP5, NALP8, and NALP9 genes ...; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000179709-NLRP8 |
| OOSP1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Yan C et al. Oosp1 encodes a novel mouse oocyte-secreted pro; Tremblay K et al. Identification and characterization of a n; Human Protein Atlas gene page OOSP1 |
| OOSP4B | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page OOSP4B (ENSG00000255393) |
| OR2F1 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page OR2F1; Expression Profile of Ectopic Olfactory Receptors Determined |
| OR4C3 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas OR4C3; Khan et al. 2023, Diagnostics 13:1017 (abstract only) |
| OR4N2 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page OR4N2; Human Protein Atlas OR4N2 single cell page |
| OR5V1 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Ge XY et al. Identification of Or5v1/Olfr110 as an oxylipin ; Human Protein Atlas: OR5V1; UniProtKB Q9UGF6 (OR5V1) |
| OR8D4 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas OR8D4 gene page |
| PABPC3 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Feral C, Guellaen G, Pawlak A. Human testis expresses a spec; UniProt Q9H361 (PABP3_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000151846-PABPC3 |
| POM121L2 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas POM121L2 tissue page; Human Protein Atlas gene page POM121L2; Aberg KA et al. A comprehensive family-based replication stu |
| POTEC | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Barger CJ et al. Expression of the POTE gene family in human; Bera TK et al. POTE, a highly homologous gene family ... exp; Bera TK et al. PNAS 2002 (same paper, paralog cloning) |
| POTEF | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | POTE, a highly homologous gene family located on numerous ch; Evolution and expression of chimeric POTE-actin genes in the; Barger et al., Expression of the POTE gene family in human o |
| PPP1R2B | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Korrodi-Gregorio et al. 2013, BMC Cell Biol 14:15 - Two dist; UniProt Q6NXS1 (IPP2B_HUMAN), Tissue specificity (cites PubM; Human Protein Atlas PPP1R2B |
| PPP3R2 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Characterization of a human regulatory subunit of protein ph; UniProt Q96LZ3 (PPP3R2); PPP3R2 sperm maturation/capacitation study in mouse (2020, P |
| PRAME | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Conflicting reports, so no rule fires. Brain, kidney and skin are attributed to the 1997 discovery paper only through UniProt's annotation; its full text was not opened, so tissue levels are unverified. A 70-tissue IHC series (Kaczorowski 2022) found no staining in brain, kidney or adrenal, and Boon 2003 found little or no RNA in normal brain. Low adrenal staining (Lezcano 2021, abstract) is contradicted by the same series. No report in normal eye. PRAME-directed T-cell therapy trials report no dose-limiting on-target toxicity in these tissues. Neither negative series excludes a 1-4% neuronal subpopulation. | UniProt P78395 (PRAME_HUMAN) tissue specificity; Ikeda H et al. Characterization of an antigen that is recogn; Kaczorowski M et al. PRAME Expression in Cancer. A Systemati |
| PRDM7 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Fumasoni I et al. Family expansion and gene rearrangements c; Fumasoni I et al. 2007 (PMC2082429) - qPCR panel; Fumasoni I et al. 2007 (PMC2082429) - abstract |
| PRR5-ARHGAP8 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Expression of acidosis-dependent genes in human cancer nests; Bipolar disorder with binge eating behavior: a genome-wide a; Human Protein Atlas PRR5-ARHGAP8 gene page |
| PSG11 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Houston et al. 2016, mAbs: Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein e; Arnold et al. 1999, Am J Reprod Immunol: Pregnancy-specific ; Endoh et al. 2009, Biogerontology: Coordinate expression of |
| PSG3 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Houston A et al. Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein expression ; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000221826-PSG3; UniProt Q16557 (PSG3_HUMAN) |
| PSG8 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Houston A et al. Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein expression ; Same paper, antibody cross-reactivity; Same paper, expression level |
| RAD21L1 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | A new meiosis-specific cohesin complex implicated in the coh; RAD21L is a novel kleisin subunit of the cohesin complex (co; Europe PMC abstract record, Genes (Basel) 2024, PMID 3933675 |
| RGPD3 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Ciccarelli et al. 2005, Genome Res 15:343 - Complex genomic ; Human Protein Atlas RGPD3 (summary and tissue pages); UniProt A6NKT7 (RGPD3_HUMAN) |
| RGPD4 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Ciccarelli FD et al. 2005, Complex genomic rearrangements le; Ciccarelli FD et al. 2005 (same paper); Human Protein Atlas, RGPD4 single cell page |
| RGSL1 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page RGSL1; Exploring Sex Differences in Type 2 Diabetes via a Male-Domi |
| RIPPLY3 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Shibuya K et al. Isolation of two novel genes, DSCR5 and DSC; UniProtKB P57055 (RIPPLY3); Human Protein Atlas: RIPPLY3 |
| RSPH6A | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | RSPH6A is required for sperm flagellum formation and male fe; A mammalian radial spokehead-like gene, RSHL1, at the myoton; Human Protein Atlas RSPH6A gene page |
| SATL1 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Alayoubi et al. 2024, Sci Rep: Loss-of-function variant in s; Human Protein Atlas SATL1 |
| SMIM9 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Oyama Y et al. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing reveals 1; Human Protein Atlas gene page SMIM9 |
| SPAG11A | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Human Protein Atlas SPAG11A gene and tissue pages; Yamaguchi & Ouchi, Antimicrobial peptide defensin: identific; Europe PMC abstract record, JBRA Assist Reprod 2024, PMID 38 |
| SPAG11B | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Human Protein Atlas SPAG11B tissue / primary data; Osterhoff et al. 1994, Biol Reprod 50:516 - novel human sper; Hamil et al. 2000, Endocrinology 141:1245 - HE2beta and HE2g |
| SPATA3 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Roles of human SPATA3 in cell proliferation and expression p; Human Protein Atlas gene page SPATA3 |
| TAS2R1 | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | UniProtKB Q9NYW7 (TAS2R1); Upadhyaya JD et al. Dextromethorphan mediated bitter taste r; Jaggupilli A et al. Analysis of the expression of human bitt |
| TDRD15 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Tdrd15 is dispensable for male fertility and spermatogenesis; Human Protein Atlas TDRD15 tissue page; Human Protein Atlas TDRD15 JSON record |
| TENT5D | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Bettoni et al. 2009, Genomics: Identification of FAM46D as a; UniProt Q8NEK8 (TENT5D_HUMAN), tissue specificity field via ; Cong et al. 2022, Cell Discov: Deficiency of X-linked TENT5D |
| TMEM269 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000274386-TMEM269; Wikipedia: TMEM269 |
| TPTE | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Chen H et al. A testis-specific gene, TPTE, encodes a putati; Dong X-Y et al. Identification of two novel CT antigens and ; Tapparel C et al. The TPTE gene family: cellular expression, |
| TRIM60 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Human Protein Atlas TRIM60 gene and tissue pages; TRIM60 negatively regulates TAK1 signalosome (Cell Mol Immun |
| TRIM77 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas TRIM77 (summary and tissue pages); Peng et al. 2021, Front Oncol 11:626190 (abstract only) |
| TSGA10IP | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene record TSGA10IP (JSON); Levine TP. Structural bioinformatics predicts that the Retin; Wang M et al. Casein kinase-2 inhibition promotes retinal ga |
| TUBB8 | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Mutations in TUBB8 and Human Oocyte Meiotic Arrest (Feng et ; UniProt Q3ZCM7 (TUBB8); Human Protein Atlas gene page TUBB8 (summary and tissue page |
| URGCP-MRPS24 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas: URGCP-MRPS24 |
| VCX3B | no normal expression evidence | No effect | Sources describe germline, placental or embryonic restriction, or did not test adult somatic tissue. | Lahn BT, Page DC 2000, A human sex-chromosomal gene family e; UniProt Q9H321 (VCX3B_HUMAN), Tissue specificity comment; NCBI Gene 425054 VCX3B RefSeq summary |
| VRTN | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | VRTN is Required for the Development of Thoracic Vertebrae i; Identification of marker genes to monitor residual iPSCs in ; Human Protein Atlas VRTN tissue page |
| WFDC13 | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Human Protein Atlas gene page WFDC13 (ENSG00000168634); Jain A et al. Large-scale CRISPR/Cas9 deletions within the W; Clauss A et al. A locus on human chromosome 20 contains seve |
| WFDC8 | specialized tissue expression | No effect | Evidence is from another species, a database annotation or an assay shared with a paralog, or the tissue is reproductive. | Human Protein Atlas WFDC8 tissue page (antibodies HPA042710,; UniProt Q8IUA0 (WFDC8_HUMAN) tissue specificity; Clauss A, Lilja H, Lundwall A. A locus on human chromosome 2 |
| ZC3H11B | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Fan et al. 2012, PLoS Genet: Genetic Variants on Chromosome ; Fan et al. 2012, PLoS Genet (same paper, methods); Human Protein Atlas ZC3H11B |
| ZNF280A | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | Wang X et al. 2019, ZNF280A Promotes Proliferation and Tumor; Liu H et al. 2021, ZNF280A promotes lung adenocarcinoma deve; Zheng W et al. 2025, ZNF280A promotes malignant melanoma dev |
| ZNF492 | conflicting or nonspecific | No effect | Reports conflict, cannot separate the gene from paralogs, or come from cultured, diseased or fetal samples. | PMID 16714237, Curr Eye Res 2006 (doi 10.1080/02713680600678; Human Protein Atlas ENSG00000229676-ZNF492; Kim YJ et al. ZNF492 and GPR149 methylation patterns as prog |
| ZNF705G | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page ZNF705G (ENSG00000215372) |
| ZNF99 | no literature | No effect | No gene-specific publication found. | Human Protein Atlas gene page ZNF99 |
Summaries, every evidence item and its quote are in oncoref/data/normal-expression-literature.json.